ScienceDaily (Nov. 19, 2009) â Males have more pronounced personalities than females across a range of species — from humans to house sparrows — according to new research. Consistent personality traits, such as aggression and daring, are also more important to females when looking for a mate than they are to males. Research from the University of Exeter draws together a range of studies to reveal the role that sexual selection plays in this disparity between males and females.
The study shows that in most species males show more consistent, predictable behaviours, particularly in relation to parental care, aggression and risk-taking. Females, on the other hand, are more likely to vary their behaviour. They are also more likely to respond to these traits and therefore seem to be ‘choosier’ about the personality of a potential mate.
The research, which is published in the journal Biological Reviews (18 November 2009) draws on several studies, dating back to 1972. It is the latest study in a growing body of research from a University of Exeter team that links gender personality differences to sexual selection.
The authors believe sexual selection may hold the key to this variation. A concept originally developed by Charles Darwin, sexual selection is the theory that evolutionary traits can be explained by competition between one sex — usually males — for mates and by (female) mate choice. While the physical attributes resulting from sexual selection — from dazzling peacocks tails to over-sized antler horns — are well known, there has been much less of a focus on the impact on personality.
Lead author Dr Wiebke Schuett of the University of Exeter says: “Our study is the first to bring together research about the impact of sexual selection on personality in humans and other animals. Our study suggests that, while males tend to exhibit more pronounced personalities, including more predictable behaviour, in a range of different contexts, females are more receptive to these traits in males. We found a surprising level of similarity across a range of species.”
This paper supports research carried out by the same team, published in the journal Animal Behaviour (February 2009). The team studied the social and feeding behaviours of a population of zebra finches. They found that although the male zebra finches did not explore their environment more than the females, they were more consistent in their exploratory behaviour. The team concluded that males are more likely to be selected as mates if they are consistent in any behaviour that would be beneficial to a partnership and its offspring. This would include finding food or seeing off predators.
Dr Sasha Dall of the University of Exeter, the team leader, says: “This body of research suggests that male personality could have evolved in much the same way as signs of physical attractiveness — to help attract a mate. Scientists have not given the role of sexual selection in shaping animal personality much consideration in the past. We hope that our work will pave the way for further research in this rather overlooked subject.”
First, a confession or two. I know I was meant to read Tim Powers’s The Anubis Gates next, but Gene Wolfe arrived first in the post and so I got stuck in; by the time poor old Tim arrived a few days later, I couldn’t be prised away. In my ignorance I hadn’t realised The Book of the New Sun is actually four novels; my edition was of the first two, The Shadow of the Torturer and The Claw of the Conciliator, so this post is about those.
My other admission is to trepidation: Wolfe is revered â and I mean seriously revered â by authors from Neil Gaiman to George RR Martin and Ursula Le Guin, both of whom have called The Book of the New Sun a masterpiece. Although not everyone likes it, one extremely detailed essay says “it could be argued that The Book of the New Sun is science fiction’s Ulysses”. Crikey.
Second: a couple of wonderings. A few of you (JamesWMoar, MaxCairnduff, RobKill, AddisonSteele) had warned me not to tackle Wolfe while I was still reeling from the intense Elizabethan-style English of The Worm Ouroboros (or his “linguistic porridge”, as AddisonSteele put it â true, but I do like porridge). I imagined that I’d be glooping along through olde worlde syntax, but Wolfe isn’t like that at all. Yes, there’s plenty of odd words â “fuligin” for black, “carnifex” for torturer, “destriers”, which are sort of super-horses. But I found this all added to the other-ness of the world Wolfe has created; I didn’t exactly understand some words until I looked them up but I knew what he meant by them, and I loved his “note on translation” at the end of the first book, when he tells us how he went about “rendering this book - originally composed in a tongue that has not yet achieved existence â into English”. Did you warner-offers find it irritating? I really enjoyed it.
Also, while The Shadow of the Torturer won the World fantasy award in 1981 and has the trappings of fantasy (young man, long sword, mysterious destiny), surely it’s really science fiction? Set a million years in the future on a world with a dying sun, where the moon is green and irrigated, daylight is red, and “rotting jungles” circle “the waist of the world”, it follows the story of Severian, a torturer in the decaying Citadel who shows mercy to a prisoner he’s fallen in love with. Rather than being killed for his crime, he’s exiled, given an ancient sword (Terminus Est) and sent to the distant city of Thrax. On his way out of the vast urban sprawl of Nessus, his adventures include fighting a duel with a flower (more deadly than it sounds), accidentally stealing the Claw of the Conciliator (a glowing, seemingly magical jewel) from a temple and fishing a girl, Dorcas, out of a lake where the dead are sunk.
The story is recounted by Severian himself from a position in the future. He is, I suspect, brilliantly unreliable; as well as the challenge of picking through his statements, this is a world which Wolfe never explains directly â the reader has to piece its realities together, which is hugely satisfying.
He goes on to perform a couple of executions, meet a mysterious troupe of travelling players, escape underground man-apes who have mutated from their human origins through “eons of struggles in the dark” and take part in a cannibalistic ritual which confers the substance of a dead person’s mind to the eater. We even get a bit of Christopher Marlowe. I’d worried that Severian’s occupation would mean endless gruesome descriptions of torture, but this isn’t the case at all â apart from a leg-peeling, a excoriated dog, and Severian’s few beheadings, Wolfe steers clear of the grisly, and manages to make his torturer-hero if not sympathetic, then definitely charismatic. (Unlike Terry Goodkind, who seems to revel in his Mord-Sith’s perversions â although mentioning Goodkind in the same blog as Wolfe feels a bit sacrilegious, so apologies for bringing him up.)
I loved Shadow and Claw â was blown away, in fact. The whole thing is dreamlike in quality, unfathomably large in scope, deliciously, slyly puzzling. It’s enormous fun picking away at Severian’s ideas about the past of his far future Urth, at the mysteries of his companions Jonas (why does he have a mechanical hand?) and Dorcas (was she resurrected?), at what the Claw might actually be â and at how truthful and accurate our narrator, for all his protestations that he remembers “every rattling chain and whistling wind, every sight, smell and taste”, really is. “Trust the text implicitly. The answers are in there,” Gaiman tells us. Then “do not trust the text farther than you can throw it, if that far. It’s tricksy and desperate stuff, and it may go off in your hand at any time.” I think a second read is definitely going to be in order; I’m also champing at the bit for the second half to arrive.
What do you think? I suspect you’ll mostly be huge fans, but I’d be interested to know why you think The Book of the New Sun isn’t better known. Yes, it’s acclaimed by fellow SFF authors and is clearly held in huge esteem all over the place â hell, there’s even Wolfian scholarship out there â but despite all this I’d still say it hasn’t yet made it to the mainstream. Why is that? It’s certainly good enough. Could it be the cover (my version has Severian wearing what looks to be a big leather codpiece)? I’d love to know what you think.
Meanwhile, next up is Mr Powers and The Anubis Gates, which I’m taking on holiday (along with New Sun books three and four â would you be interested in a post on those once I’m done?). Can’t wait.
Astronomer Stuart Clark joins us in the studio to look at the latest thinking about the effects of variations in solar activity on the Earth’s climate. Dark matter gets a mention too.
Over the coming days he will be conducting question-and-answer sessions on Twitter - both on solar activity and dark matter. Follow him at DrStuClark and post your questions using the prefix #AskDrStu. (2:00)
There’s a new BBC TV series starting this week called Paradox. Its writer Lizzy Mickery comes into the studio to tell us about the challenges of getting a drama based on science onto prime-time TV. (12:10)
In the newsjam we look at a new drug hailed as the “female viagra” and Nasa’s announcement that its LCROSS probe found water on the moon. (15:30)
Duncan Clark from environmentguardian.co.uk responds to the s*** storm of blog comments arising from last week’s podcast on eco-myths. Who’d have thought people could get so excited about nappies? (23:25)
Steven Levitt talks about his controversial views on geo-engineering, expressed in his latest book SuperFreakonomics. Hear more of that interview in the Guardian’s The Business podcast. (26:15)
All the way from Denmark, Dr Rachel Armstrong discusses living buildings and metabolic materials. She is giving a Lunch Hour Lecture at UCL this week. (30:15)
We finish the show with more music … the winner of Discover Magazine’s “evolution in two minutes or less” video competition. (33:15)
Science correspondent Ian Sample lends us his wisdom in the pod. We promise to give it back soon.
WARNING: contains strong language.
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PASADENA, Calif., Nov. 21 /PRNewswire/ — Research projects in the areas of Mathematics and Materials Science scored the highest marks this evening, as Lynnelle Ye of Palo Alto, California and the team of Ryan Lindeborg of Laguna Niguel, California and Andrew James Swoboda of Oakton, Virginia received the top honors at the Region One Finals of the 2009 Siemens Competition in Math, Science & Technology, the nation’s premier high school science competition.
(Logo: http://www.newscom.com/cgi-bin/prnh/20070904/SIEMENSLOGO)
Tonight’s winners will receive thousands of dollars in college scholarships and be invited to compete at the National Finals in New York City on December 3-7, where the winners of six regional competitions across the United States will vie for scholarships ranging from $10,000 to the top prize of $100,000. The Siemens Competition, a signature program of the Siemens Foundation, is administered by the College Board.
“These students have just earned their place among the nation’s greatest high school scientists,” said James Whaley, President of the Siemens Foundation, based in Iselin, New Jersey. “Each year, the students’ work becomes more impressive, and in a record-setting year such as this one, their achievements become even more outstanding. We are proud to welcome them into our family of Siemens Scholars and look forward to their participation at the national finals in New York City.”
The students presented their research this weekend to a panel of distinguished judges from the California Institute of Technology, host of the Siemens Competition Region One Finals.
Individual Winner
Lynnelle Ye, a senior at Palo Alto High School in Palo Alto, California won the individual category and a $3,000 college scholarship for her Mathematics project in the field of game theory. Game theory is applied in fields ranging from economics to engineering to study systems where individuals compete in a shared environment. The project, titled Chomp on Graphs and Subsets, studied games in which two players take turns to eliminate nodes or edges of a graph. The player to remove the graph’s last node wins the game. The aim of the research was to understand the best possible strategy for playing this game and to determine which player will win from each starting graph when each plays her best possible strategy.
“Ms. Ye demonstrated a good understanding of prior research. She was able to build on tools developed by earlier researchers to solve a number of interesting open cases,” said Dr. Michelle Effros, Professor of Electrical Engineering, at the California Institute of Technology. “Even seemingly simple games like graph chomp can be strikingly difficult to analyze mathematically. Studying this type of question helps us to build tools for reasoning about strategic behavior in more complicated environments.”
Ms. Ye is the 2008 China Girls Math Olympiad gold medal winner, garnering the highest score on the USA team that year. She is also a three-time Math Olympiad Summer Program (MOSP) qualifier and two-time attendee. She has qualified for the USA Math Olympiad three times, and been named to her school’s Science Olympiad team since 2007. Ms. Ye has additionally qualified for the Research Science Institute. She has been President of her school’s Math Club since 2007, and has served as Coach for the Jane Lathrop Stanford Middle School MathCounts since 2006.
Ms. Ye’s dream job is to become a Professor of Mathematics when she completes her studies, as it is one of her top passions. She notes that her interest in the field was piqued when she somewhat accidentally qualified for her middle school’s MathCounts team in sixth grade. Ms. Ye worked on this project with her mentor Mr. Tirasan Khandhawit, a Graduate Student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Team Winners
Ryan Lindeborg, a sophomore at Dana Hills High School in Dana Point, California, and Andrew James Swoboda, a junior at Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Alexandria, Virginia, won the team category and will share a $6,000 scholarship. The team’s Materials Science project, titled Optimization of Platinum Nanoparticle Deposition on Nafion Membranes, looked at a novel method to maximize efficient platinum catalyst loading and enhance the performance of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. Among other findings, the research showcased a method to decrease the use of platinum - a very expensive metal - within the PEM fuel cell by 50%, thereby making the technology more economical as well as more scientifically approachable.
“The team research was impressive because it created a pathway to a better and more efficient operation of this particular fuel cell, which is a good problem to be thinking about given the changing energy landscape,” said Dr. Julia R. Greer, Assistant Professor of Materials Science at the California Institute of Technology. “In addition to having a very clean, clearly described and well analyzed research, the teamwork here was impressive, which demonstrated a very important trait the students share with true scientific research teams to the judges.”
Mr. Lindeborg is active in the International Project Outreach Community Service Program. He has competed and won the Regional, State and National Improv Team Competition: Destination Imagination activities. He serves as the CIA Director for the Junior State of America State Cabinet, and is also the President of his school’s Amnesty International chapter. He is an active member of Habitat for Humanity, Children’s Miracle Network, Junior State of America, Family Assistance Ministries, Second Harvest Food Bank, Special Camp for Special Kids, Students Run the Los Angeles Marathon and the Friendship Shelter. Mr. Lindeborg is also Scholar Athlete with the highest GPA in his class, and also plays the saxophone. His dream job would be to work as an Orthopedic Surgeon, where he can combine sports and medicine.
Mr. Swoboda is a member of the National Honor Society, Spanish Honor Society and was a representative for FroshComm (Student Government for entering freshmen). He was also his high school’s alternate for the Hugh O’Brien Youth Leadership team. Mr. Swoboda is a member of his school’s Varsity Soccer Team, the Team America Rocketry Challenge group, and is an active Club Soccer player and team Captain. His dream job is to be a Lead Design Engineer at Apple, as he has always had a keen interest in figuring out how things work and how to make them work better. He has published “What Seniors Write at America’s Best High School,” a non-profit book of college application essays written by seniors at his high school, and is currently working on the third edition.
The team’s mentor for this project was Mr. Jonathan Burk, a Graduate Student in The University of California in Santa Barbara, California.
Regional Finalists
Regional Finalists each received a $1,000 scholarship.
Regional Finalists in the individual category were:
Regional Finalists in the team category were:
The Siemens Competition
The Siemens Competition was launched in 1998 to recognize America’s best and brightest math and science students. In another record-setting year, 2,151 students registered to enter the Siemens Competition in Math, Science and Technology in 2009 - more than ever before - for a total of 1,348 project submissions - a 14% increase in project submissions over 2008 figures and more than a 12% increase in the number of registrations.
Entries are judged at the regional level by esteemed scientists at six leading research universities which host the regional competitions: California Institute of Technology? Carnegie Mellon University? Georgia Institute of Technology? Massachusetts Institute of Technology? University of Notre Dame? and The University of Texas at Austin.
Winners of the regional events are invited to compete at the National Finals at New York University in New York City, December 3 - December 7, 2009. Visit www.siemens-foundation.org on December 7, 2009 at 9:30 am EST to view a live webcast of the National Finalist Award Presentation. You can also log into and follow the Siemens Foundation on Twitter (http://twitter.com/SFoundationwww.siemens-foundation.org on December 7, 2009 at 9:30 am EST to view a live webcast of the National Finalist Award Presentation. You can also log into and follow the Siemens Foundation on Twitter (http://twitter.com/SFoundation) for the latest information and announcements throughout this year’s competition.
About the Siemens Foundation
The Siemens Foundation provides more than $7 million annually in support of educational initiatives in the areas of science, technology, engineering and math in the United States. Its signature programs, the Siemens Competition in Math, Science & Technology and Siemens Awards for Advanced Placement, reward exceptional achievement in science, math and technology. The newest program, The Siemens We Can Change the World Challenge, encourages K-12 students to develop innovative green solutions for environmental issues. By supporting outstanding students today, and recognizing the teachers and schools that inspire their excellence, the Foundation helps nurture tomorrow’s scientists and engineers. The Foundation’s mission is based on the culture of innovation, research and educational support that is the hallmark of Siemens’ U.S. companies and its parent company, Siemens AG.
For further information, visit www.siemens-foundation.org.
The College Board
The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board is composed of more than 5,700 schools, colleges, universities and other educational organizations. Each year, the College Board serves seven million students and their parents, 23,000 high schools, and 3,800 colleges through major programs and services in college readiness, college admission, guidance, assessment, financial aid, enrollment, and teaching and learning. Among its best-known programs are the SAT(®), the PSAT/NMSQT(®) and the Advanced Placement Program(® )(AP(®)). The College Board is committed to the principles of excellence and equity, and that commitment is embodied in all of its programs, services, activities and concerns.
For further information, visit www.collegeboard.com.
SOURCE Siemens Foundation
The National Science Olympiad (NSO) is an academic and scholastic aptitude competition encouraging learning in Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Computer Science.
NSO Sample Papers are available on - http://www.sofworld.org/
Direct Link to Download Papers Version in pdf : Standard : 3rd :: 4th :: 5th ::6th :: 7th :: 8th :: 9th :: 10th :: 11th - Medical :: 11th - Non Medical :: 12th - Medical :: 12th - Non Medical
indianachu : 08
AUSTIN, Texas, Nov. 14 /PRNewswire/ — Research projects in the areas of materials science and mathematics scored top marks this evening, as Peter Hu of Denton, Texas and the team of Sean Karson of Winter Park, Florida, Dan Liu of Austin, Texas and Kevin Chen of Missouri City, Texas received the highest honors at the Region Two Finals of the 2009 Siemens Competition in Math, Science & Technology, the nation’s premier high school science competition.
(Logo: http://www.newscom.com/cgi-bin/prnh/20070904/SIEMENSLOGO )
Tonight’s winners will receive thousands of dollars in college scholarships and be invited to compete at the National Finals in New York City on December 3-7, where the winners of six regional competitions across the United States will vie for scholarships ranging from $10,000 to the top prize of $100,000. The Siemens Competition, a signature program of the Siemens Foundation, is administered by the College Board.
“These students have just earned their place among the nation’s greatest high school scientists,” said James Whaley, President of the Siemens Foundation, based in Iselin, New Jersey. “Each year, the students’ work becomes more impressive, and in a record-setting year such as this one, their achievements become even more outstanding. We are proud to welcome them into our family of Siemens Scholars and look forward to their participation at the national finals in New York City.”
The students presented their research this weekend to a panel of judges from The University of Texas at Austin, host of the Siemens Competition Region Two Finals.
Individual Winner
Peter Hu, a senior at the Texas Academy of Mathematics and Science in Denton, Texas, won the individual category and a $3,000 college scholarship for his materials science project that aimed to develop a novel and biologically compatible material for protein drug delivery. While similar delivery systems for therapeutic proteins are known in scientific literature, many of these materials were found to be carcinogenic. Mr. Hu’s research, titled Novel Thermogelling Dispersions of Polymer Nanoparticles for Controlled Drug Delivery, focused on an alternative FDA-approved material to mimic the behavior of these previous delivery systems, effectively avoiding prior toxicity issues.
“While all of the projects were very impressive today, Mr. Hu’s research was successful on many levels,” said Dr. Christopher Bielawski, Associate Professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at The University of Texas at Austin. “This research project established a key proof of concept in the laboratory and the materials presented are poised for examination in living systems. Mr. Hu’s work is very advanced and comparable to that of a second or third year graduate student; with minimal tweaks, this research project stands an excellent chance at being published in a top-tier scientific journal and will likely make quite a splash in many scientific communities.”
Mr. Hu is a senior who aspires to one day lead a research team at a university or facility, such as the National Cancer Institute. Currently, he is the Vice President of the Junior Engineering Technical Society, and is organizing a science demonstration team in order to promote interest in math and science among elementary and middle school students. Mr. Hu is also a member of his school’s Research Organization.
Both of Mr. Hu’s parents are physicists, spurring his interest in science at a young age. In addition to his academic pursuits, Mr. Hu plays piano and violin, as well as basketball and table tennis in his free time. His mentor for this research project was Professor Liping Tang of the Department of Bioengineering at The University of Texas at Arlington.
Team Winners
Sean Karson, a senior at Trinity Prepatory High School in Winter Park, Florida; Dan Liu, a junior at the Liberal Arts and Science Academy High School in Austin, Texas; and Kevin Chen, a junior at William P. Clements High School in Sugar Land, Texas, won the team category and will share a $6,000 college scholarship for their mathematics project entitled Relating Missing and Decycling Edges in Directed Graphs. The team’s mathematics project has the potential to increase efficiency in real world networks by establishing an upper bound on the minimum number of connections that must be removed to destroy all cyclic pathways in systems like the World Wide Web and transcontinental trade routes.
“The team’s work was truly impressive in that it focused on a topic in pure mathematics,” said Dr. Haskell Rosenthal, John T. Stuart III Centennial Professor Emeritus in Mathematics at The University of Texas at Austin. “With new and delicate techniques, they have advanced the infrastructure and knowledge of graph theory by providing better bounds, which is of fundamental importance to the mathematics community. Their depth of knowledge was remarkable, and their work was on the same level of that of a Ph.D.”
Mr. Karson is a senior who has received Excellence Awards for Honors Computer Programming C++, Graphics I, Honors Chemistry, Honors Precalculus, AP JAVA and AP Chemistry. He has also received the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Math & Science Award, and is recognized as a National Merit Semifinalist. Mr. Karson is Captain of the Quiz Bowl Team, President of Mu Alpha Theta, a member of the Spanish Honor Society and the National Honor Society and volunteers for the Center of Math, Arts and Science Achievement. He has also received the Varsity Baseball Coach’s Award and the Most Valuable Defensive Player Award, and has been the starting third baseman on the Varsity Baseball Team since his sophomore year. Mr. Karson has also leveraged his love of puzzles to create a club called Rubik’s Revenge, aimed to teach middle school students how to solve Rubik’s Cubes.
Mr. Liu is a junior who aspires to one day become a computer or electronics engineer or programmer. He is currently Vice President of the InvenTeams Club, Co-Director of his school’s Math Team, and a member of the Liberal Arts and Science Academy’s (LASA) National Honor Society Chapter. Mr. Liu is also a part of the LASA Camerata Orchestra and Science Olympiad Team. He is a part of the Circle C Swim Team, and also plays badminton and ping-pong.
Mr. Chen is a junior and is a member of his school’s Mu Alpha Theta, Junior Engineering Technical Society and Computer Science Team. He is also an active volunteer at a local middle school Math Club. Mr. Chen’s dad is a computer engineer and has taught mathematics and physics in the past, playing a large role in sparking his interest in math when he was young. His mother is also very encouraging and supportive of his passion for math and science, helping to foster his current academic interests. He enjoys practicing piano, playing tennis and programming games in his free time.
The team’s mentor was Dr. Jian Shen, Professor of Mathematics at Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas.
Regional Finalists
Regional Finalists each received a $1,000 scholarship.
Regional Finalists in the individual category were:
Regional Finalists in the team category were:
The Siemens Competition
The Siemens Competition was launched in 1998 to recognize America’s best and brightest math and science students. In another record-setting year, 2,151 students registered to enter the Siemens Competition in Math, Science and Technology in 2009 - more than ever before - for a total of 1,348 project submissions - a 14% increase in project submissions over 2008 figures and more than a 12% increase in the number of registrations.
Entries are judged at the regional level by esteemed scientists at six leading research universities which host the regional competitions: California Institute of Technology; Carnegie Mellon University; Georgia Institute of Technology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; University of Notre Dame; and The University of Texas at Austin.
Winners of the regional events are invited to compete at the National Finals at New York University in New York City, December 3 - December 7, 2009. Visit www.siemens-foundation.org on December 7, 2009 at 9:30 am EST to view a live webcast of the National Finalist Award Presentation. You can also log into and follow the Siemens Foundation on Twitter (http://twitter.com/SFoundationwww.siemens-foundation.org on December 7, 2009 at 9:30 am EST to view a live webcast of the National Finalist Award Presentation. You can also log into and follow the Siemens Foundation on Twitter (http://twitter.com/SFoundation) for the latest information and announcements throughout this year’s competition.
About the Siemens Foundation
The Siemens Foundation provides more than $7 million annually in support of educational initiatives in the areas of science, technology, engineering and math in the United States. Its signature programs, the Siemens Competition in Math, Science & Technology and Siemens Awards for Advanced Placement, reward exceptional achievement in science, math and technology. The newest program, The Siemens We Can Change the World Challenge, encourages K-12 students to develop innovative green solutions for environmental issues. By supporting outstanding students today, and recognizing the teachers and schools that inspire their excellence, the Foundation helps nurture tomorrow’s scientists and engineers. The Foundation’s mission is based on the culture of innovation, research and educational support that is the hallmark of Siemens’ U.S. companies and its parent company, Siemens AG.
For further information, visit www.siemens-foundation.org.
The College Board
The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board is composed of more than 5,700 schools, colleges, universities and other educational organizations. Each year, the College Board serves seven million students and their parents, 23,000 high schools, and 3,800 colleges through major programs and services in college readiness, college admission, guidance, assessment, financial aid, enrollment, and teaching and learning. Among its best-known programs are the SAT®, the PSAT/NMSQT® and the Advanced Placement Program® (AP®). The College Board is committed to the principles of excellence and equity, and that commitment is embodied in all of its programs, services, activities and concerns.
For further information, visit www.collegeboard.com.
SOURCE Siemens Foundation
